Monday, December 29, 2014

How Winston Churchill 'flirted' [?] with Islam - By Patrick Sawer - Gulfnews.com

http://gulfnews.com/news/world/how-winston-churchill-flirted-with-islam-1.1433473


How Winston Churchill 'flirted' [?] with Islam

'Please don’t become converted to Islam' says British Prime Minister's future sister-in-law in a letter

  • By Patrick Sawer, DT
  • Published: 14:30 December 29, 2014
  • Gulf News



  • Image Credit: Supplied
  • Winston Churchill.

London: He is indelibly associated with the fight to preserve Britain and its Empire from Nazi invasion and his subsequent denouncement of Soviet totalitarianism’s Iron Curtain.


In the public eye, Sir Winston Churchill’s long political career earned him a place among the greatest of Britons.


But what may come as a surprise is that he was a strong admirer of Islam and the culture of the Orient — such was his regard for the Muslim faith that relatives feared he might convert.


The revelation comes with the discovery of a letter to Churchill from his future sister-in-law, Lady Gwendoline Bertie, written in August 1907, in which she urges him to rein in his enthusiasm.

In the letter, discovered by Warren Dockter, a history research fellow at Cambridge University, she pleads: “Please don’t become converted to Islam; I have noticed in your disposition a tendency to orientalise [fascination with the Orient and Islam], Pasha-like tendencies, I really have.”


Lady Gwendoline, who married Churchill’s brother Jack, adds: “If you come into contact with Islam your conversion might be effected with greater ease than you might have supposed, call of the blood, don’t you know what I mean, do fight against it.”


In a letter to Lady Lytton in the same year Churchill wrote: “You will think me a pasha [rank of distinction in the Ottoman Empire]. I wish I were.” Churchill’s fascination led him and his close friend Wilfrid S. Blunt, the poet and radical supporter of Muslim causes, to dressing in Arab clothes in private while in each other’s company.


Dr Dockter said of the letter from Lady Gwendoline: “Churchill had fought in Sudan and on the North West frontier of India so had much experience on being in ‘Islamic areas’.


“But during this period Churchill was in the Liberal phase of his career, having switched to the Liberals in 1904.


“He often came to loggerheads on imperial policies with hard-line imperialists such as Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria. Churchill was opposed to Lugard’s punitive expeditions against Islamic tribes in northern Nigeria.”


The letter was discovered by Dr Dockter while researching his forthcoming book, Winston Churchill and the Islamic World: Orientalism, Empire and Diplomacy in the Middle East.


He points out that Lady Gwendoline’s concerns may not have been so wide of the mark.


Not only did Churchill appear to regard Islam and Christianity as equals — a surprisingly progressive notion for the time — but he also admired the military prowess and history of expansion of the Ottoman Empire.


In October 1940, as Britain faced its darkest hour against Nazi Germany, Churchill approved plans to build a mosque in central London and set aside pounds 100,000 for the project.


He continued to back the building of what became the London Central Mosque in Regent’s Park — which he hoped would win support for Britain in the Muslim world at a crucial moment — even in the face of public criticism.


In December 1941, he told the House of Commons: “Many of our friends in Muslim countries all over the East have already expressed great appreciation of this gift.”


Churchill’s attitude may appear hypocritical, given his forthright defence of the British Empire — which at its height ruled over millions of Muslims across India, Egypt and the Middle East.


In his book The River War (1899) — his account of the frontier wars of India and Sudan — he was scathing of the fundamentalist, ultra conservative Mahdiyya form of Islam adopted by the Dervish population of North Africa.


Dr Dockter says a closer examination of Churchill’s attitude to the wider Muslim world reveals it to be “in stark contrast to the purely imperialistic and orientalist perspective of many of his contemporaries”.


In his book, he states: “His views of Islamic people and culture were an often paradoxical and complex combination of imperialist perceptions composed of typical orientalist ideals fused with the respect, understanding and magnanimity he had gained from his experiences in his early military career, creating a perspective that was uniquely Churchillian.”


The revelation that Churchill had a close affinity for Muslim culture comes at a time when tensions between the three great monotheistic faiths, Christianity, Judaism and Islam are greater than they have been for centuries.


Ironically, many of the fault lines between Islam and the West have their roots in the world Churchill helped shape after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the redrawing of the Middle East at the end of the First World War.


The settlements between the region’s colonial powers, brokered by Churchill, with T.E Lawrence — ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ — as an adviser, gave birth, in Dr Dockter’s words, to “the Middle East we know, warts and all”.


Dr Dockter, who assisted Boris Johnson on his book The Churchill Factor, said: “Not many people are aware that Churchill and T.E Lawrence were friends or that they worked together to solve the riddles of the Middle Eastern settlements. Understanding these settlements is paramount to understanding the legacy of Britain in the Middle East.”


Of course, Churchill did not convert to Islam, and Dr Dockter concludes that his fascination was “largely predicated on Victorian notions, which heavily romanticised the nomadic lifestyle and honour culture of the Bedouin tribes”.

As Dr Dockter points out, at least he had the good sense to ask the question in the first place, regarding an issue which bedevils the West’s involvement in the region to this day.



* * *

http://www.firstpost.com/living/new-letters-show-churchill-flirted-idea-converting-islam-family-begged-2020249.html

New letter shows Churchill wanted to convert to Islam, family begged him not to

by FP Staff  Dec 29, 2014 12:27 IST

#British PM   #Churchill   #Islam   #NewsTracker   #Ottoman Empire   #Prime Minister   #Winston Churchill
Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, credited with leading his nation and the Allies to victory against Nazi Germany during World War II, wanted to convert to Islam and family members had to beg for him not to do so, according to various news reports.

The reports have surfaced after a letter written by Churchill's sister-in-law Lady Gwendoline was discovered by a history research fellow at Cambridge University, points out a report in The Independent. Lady Gwendoline Bertie was married to Churchill's brother as this report in The Telegraph notes and she wrote the letter in 1907 before she got married to Churchill's brother.

The contents of her letter go like this, "Please don’t become converted to Islam; I have noticed in your disposition a tendency to orientalise [fascination with the Orient and Islam], Pasha-like tendencies, I really have...If you come into contact with Islam your conversion might be effected with greater ease than you might have supposed, call of the blood, don’t you know what I mean, do fight against it."

Apparently in another letter to Lady Lytton, Churchill also referred to himself as a 'pasha' and wished he were one. The report in The Independent points out that "he even took to dressing in Arab clothes in private."

Winston Churchill in this archival photo. Getty Images
Winston Churchill in this archival photo. Getty Images

So did Churchill really consider conversion or was his future sister-in-law over-reacting? According to the researcher Warren Dockter, while the British leader had a fascination for the Islamic culture, he "never seriously considered converting."

"He was more or less an atheist by this time anyway," Dockter told The Independent on Churchill's spiritual leanings.

No doubt though, his fascination with Islam was such that during the war, he put aside £100,000 for the purpose of a Mosque in central London in the "hope of winning the support of Muslim countries in the war", adds the report in The Independent.

Dockter told The Telegraph that Churchill's view of Islamic culture "were an often paradoxical and complex combination of imperialist perceptions composed of typical orientalist ideals fused with the respect, understanding and magnanimity he had gained from his experiences in his early military career."

But while there might have been some admiration for the religion, the former UK Prime Minister was unabashedly critical of Islamic laws. So his sister-in-law might just have over-reacted a bit to Churchill's personal fascination with Islamic culture.

----- ----- ----- -----

sad demise of Mr. Saiyid Hamid TODAY at 5:15 in Majidia Hospital of his University Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. - Inna Lillahe Wa Inna Ilaihe Raajeoon




Inna Lillahe Wa Inna Ilaihe Raajeoon.
TO HIM WE BELONG AND TO HIM WE SHALL RETURN
Dear  Friends,
Assalam Alaikum. 
With a very heavy heart and acceptance of Allah The Almighty's will, I came to know about the sad demise of  Mr. Saiyid Hamid TODAY at 5:15 in Majidia Hospital of his University Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. 
He breathed his last after a prolonged illness.

The 94-year-old educationist Saiyid Hamid, a retired IAS officer who is regarded as a reformer, was also one of the members of the high level committee headed by Justice Rajendra Sacchar which was appointed by the Prime Minister in 2005.
After retiring from a long and distinguished career in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), he was appointed Vice Chancellor of his alma mater Aligarh Muslim University AMU).
He later succeeded Hakeem Abdul Hameed, Founder of Hamdard Dawakhana (now Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories) as the Chancellor of Hamdard University in Delhi. He was also appointed by Hakeem sahib as Secretary of Hamdard Education Society to look after Hamdard Public School and Hamdard Study Circle.
He is a winner of several national level awards, including Sanskriti Award for literature, Urdu Academy Delhi award, Hindi Academy Delhi award and National fellowship award by Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
He has many books to his credit, two novels, three full length plays and many short story books for neon-literates.

He was, he is and he shall ever remain as one of the tallest figures of Muslims in India. We have lost yet another stalwart who was a light of beacon to all Indians and specially Muslims.
On my behalf and behalf of AMUOBA Riyadh, I extend sincere condolences to all family members, and pray to Almighty Allah to forgive all his shortcomings and  reward immensely for all his good deeds, and place him in Jannat-ul-Firdaus with great honor, respect and ease.

May Allah make these hard times easy on all the members of his family including us. Aameen.
Regards,
Dr. Mohammad Ahmad Badshah
Associate Professor
King Saud University
&
President
AMU Alumni Riyadh Chapter

Monday, December 22, 2014

The Hindu rate of oath - By Shyamlal Yadav - The Indian Express, Mumbai, INDIA

  Hindu rate of conversion?
 

The Hindu rate of oath

At the home of an alleged convert to Christianity in Aligarh’s Haridaspur village. He says he never gave up his Hindu faith. ( Source: Express photo by Praveen Khanna) At the home of an alleged convert to Christianity in Aligarh’s Haridaspur village. He says he never gave up his Hindu faith. ( Source: Express photo by Praveen Khanna)


Written by Shyamlal Yadav | Posted: December 22, 2014 4:12 am
 
When RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat on Saturday strongly defended the Sangh’s conversion campaign, it only confirmed what its Dharma Jagran Samanvay Samiti (DJSS) has been insisting. The heated exchanges in Parliament all of last week as the Opposition tried to get Prime Minister Narendra Modi to commit on the religious conversion issue notwithstanding, this is the busiest time of the year for the Samiti. And December 23, the day the Winter Session ends, marks the start of its mass programmes linked to Ghar Wapsi across the country — like every year. Perhaps the only place missing this time out of at least 300 on its list would be Aligarh.

DJSS insiders laugh at the suggestion that the Aligarh “controversy” made them pause. Instead, they say, the only thing that went wrong in Aligarh was that DJSS convenor for western Uttar Pradesh Rajeshwar Singh, also an RSS pracharak, was too outspoken.
“There was less work, more controversy,” as another pracharak puts it.

So the DJSS “projects”, planned for December 23-31 every year, stand as scheduled. While the dates coincide with Christmas Day, the DJSS insists their programmes have got nothing to do with it. They picked December 23 because that’s the day in 1926 that Swami Shraddhanand, an Arya Samaji leader involved in “reconverting” Muslims to Hinduism, was killed in Delhi.

Before Ghar Wapsi, the DJSS creates the “atmosphere” for it, including through Hindu Sammelans up to the village level in places where Hindus have allegedly converted to Islam or Christianity, distribution of Hindu literature and iconography, making “converts” aware of their “Hindu ancestry”, and by persuading leaders of various Hindu castes to accept with dignity if someone returns to Hinduism.

***
ima

The DJSS was started by the RSS in 1996 when it was felt that the VHP, assigned the same task, had got reduced to an organisation fighting for a Ram temple at Ayodhya. So the brief to the DJSS was clear and four-fold: “Hindu Jagao (Make Hindus Aware), Hindu Bachao (Protect Hindus), Hindu Badhao (Increase Hindu Population), and Hindu Sambhalo (Hold Hindus in Hinduism)”. The message was simpler: Increase Hindu population by 2021, the next Census, though RSS sources concede that may be difficult.
Headed by Mumbai-based Mukund Rao Panshikar now, the DJSS has 58 RSS pracharaks (the maximum for any Sangh activity) and around 2,000 “whole-timers” on rolls. The “whole-timers” are those who work as pracharaks but take a small honorarium to support their families.

A well-organised cohesive outfit, the DJSS has units up to almost every district level. Each district unit includes the head known as sanyojak (convenor), a pariyojna pramukh (in charge of projects), a prashashanik sampark pramukh (to liaise with the administration), a sanskriti pramukh (to work with sadhus etc), a nidhi pramukh (cashier), and a vidhi pramukh (who runs the legal cell).

After areas with reports of conversions to Islam or Christianity are identified, the DJSS first constitutes a Dharma Raksha Samiti comprising around 100 prominent people of the area, including leaders of different Hindu castes. It is the Dharma Raksha Samiti that facilitates the way to a Ghar Wapsi. “We do Ghar Wapsi where everything is ready,” says an RSS pracharak. “We create the atmosphere where there is a problem.”

A pracharak in eastern Uttar Pradesh says their job is also to ensure “Hindus remain Hindus”, even if they don’t manage to “reconvert”.

The other big date on the DJSS calendar is August 23, the day Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati was killed in 2008, in Orissa. Usually a week of programmes around this date start on Krishna Janmashtami as Laxmanananda was killed that festival day.
In every state the DJSS has two meetings every month to take stock of ongoing work. Last month there was a conclave in Nagpur of over 1,200 people working with the DJSS with Mohan Bhagwat present all three days.

This year, after the December 23-31 programmes, there will be a four-day conclave of all of the Sangh’s state-level pracharaks, including those associated with the DJSS, in Cuttack in February. Following this, the DJSS will hold a day-long chintan baithak of its state-level pracharaks there. In the end, a report on the DJSS activities will be presented at the Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha meeting of the RSS in March in Nagpur.

All-India convenor Panshikar admits all programmes barring Aligarh’s are on schedule. “Programmes are planned by state units as per local situation,” he says. “Our Agra (western UP) unit cancelled the Aligarh event. We will compile information on our other programmes in our annual report later.”

***

The areas to focus on are sometimes identified on the basis of caste names of “reconverts”. For example the Beawar district of Rajasthan where RSS sources claim that around 90,000 Muslims have “returned to Hinduism” in the past 10 years. Says an RSS spokesperson who doesn’t want to be named, “In Beawar, there is a sizeable population of descendants of Prithviraj Chauhan called Mehrat and Kathat. Their rituals are a mix of that of Hindus and Muslims. They were forcibly converted to Islam.”

However, he adds, “There have been no planned conversions here ever. As and when Muslims realise their original roots, they themselves want to get back to Hinduism… Even the Meo Muslims in Alwar were all Meenas. Recently during one of our interactions with the Muslim community in Shastri Nagar in Jaipur, we learnt that there were Pawars who are Muslims.”

A DJSS leader claims the Kshatriyas and Baniyas of western Uttar Pradesh form a majority of those who got converted to Islam because of poverty or lack of respect within their own community. So the RSS is looking at Chauhans and Soms in Meerut, Jats, Tyagi and Gurjars in Muzaffarnagar, and Sisaudiya in Noida and adjoining districts.

***

In Uttar Pradesh, the spark for the recent controversy, the DJSS has been operating for more than 15 years, with focus mainly in western and eastern UP. RSS sources say the total “reconversions” here number nearly five lakh, mostly of Christians.

The DJSS in the state is divided into Awadh, Kanpur, Kashi, Gorakhpur, Braj and Paschim (west) prants. RSS office-bearer Ram Lakhan heads the Kashi, Gorakhpur, Awadh and Kanpur prants, with Ram Chandra Pandey as assistant. Pandey was called back from South Africa, where he was posted as in-charge of RSS Vishwa Vibhag.

Rajeshwar Singh heads the wings in Braj and Paschim as well as in Uttarakhand. It is the Braj and Paschim wings, including both Agra and Aligarh, that have been targeting Muslims. In the other areas, the focus is on Christians. In 2013, for example, the DJSS claims to have “reconverted” around 150 Muslims and 6,000 Christians in west UP.

There are at least 150 DJSS volunteers at work in each district of UP. A DJSS source says a volunteer is allowed to spend up to Rs 5 lakh each a year, for visiting identified families, remaining in touch with them over phone and helping them “in times of need”.

Asked if they had been set any targets, a senior RSS office-bearer says,

“The target is to reduce the number of converted Muslims and Christians so that no political party can appease them. The larger target is to make the country free of converted Muslims and Christians by December 31, 2021.”

***

In Gujarat, the VHP and the RSS’s Hindu Jagran Manch, which have become active again since Modi moved on to Delhi as PM, are part of the reconversion exercise. However, there are few willing to talk about it. A BJP leader in Vadodara says they have been told to “lie low” given that Gujarat is Modi’s home state.

In the Nineties, it was the Hindu Jagran Manch that spearheaded mass tribal “reconversions” from Christianity in the Dangs area of the state, leading to riots.

As the RSS and its associated factions scout for potential communities in Vadodara to “reconvert”, their target are the ‘Mohr-e-Islam Rajputs’, more popularly known as Garasiya Muslims, located on the outskirts of the city.

Says Hemant Kishorkar of the Hindu Jagran Manch, “The Mohr-e-Islam Rajputs were Hindus who were converted to Islam but even today they pray to Hindu goddesses, follow Hindu rituals and are treated as outcastes by Muslims.”

VHP leader Pravin Togadia was on a Gujarat tour presiding over Viraat Hindu Sammelans recently, and in a meeting in Vadodara warned about the “diminishing” Hindu population.

On November 9, nearly 335 Christians were “reconverted” to Hinduism in Valsad district by the Dharma Prasar Vibhag of the VHP, which is active in the tribal-dominated belt of the state. “The main fight is against Christian missionaries. As far as Muslims are concerned, our focus is mainly the border areas of Kutch,” says a member.

***

Since the Raman Singh government came to power in Chhattisgarh in 2003, state DJSS head Radheshyam claims, over 57,000 Christian families have been converted to Hinduism by them alone.
The late BJP leader Dilip Singh Judeo led one of the most well-known Ghar Wapsi programmes in the state, as well as the country. After these ran into a controversy, such “reconversions” had almost come to a halt till they saw a resurgence in the summer of this year, particularly in tribal Bastar. One of the first such programmes was led by Bastar BJP MP Dinesh Kashyap. There were clashes when some gram sabhas in Bastar barred non-Hindu missionaries from entering their villages.

The VHP too has been lending a hand. While in September, 240 Christian families were brought to the Hindu fold in Pathalgaon block of Jashpur in Bastar, in October, the VHP “reconverted” over 30 Christian families of Madhota village in the area.

Earlier this month, the DJSS held a Satnam Sandesh Jagran Yatra to woo the Satnami community, a sub-caste of Dalits.

The DJSS in Chhattisgarh operates through a Dharma Sena of male youths and a woman force of Dharma Raksha Vahini. While the Dharma Sena works in the villages persuading Muslims and Christians to “reconvert”, it is the Dharma Raksha Vahini of “Hindu mothers” that is the DJSS’s most interesting addition for Chhattisgarh. The “25,000 members of the Vahini” are meant to counter Christian women who, the DJSS claims, are enticing Hindu men to their fold.

***

Despite Laxmanananda being one of the faces of the DJSS reconversion campaign, conversion activities in Orissa have slowed down considerably since his killing. The riots triggered by the death in Kandhamal almost put an end to all proselytisation activities of missionaries as well as bodies like the VHP. But in the past three-four years, the Parishad has again become visible, though in other areas. The RSS, on the other hand, doesn’t appear to be as active.

On November 23 this year, 349 tribals who had become Christians several years ago in Mayurbhanj district were “reconverted” to Hinduism by the Dharma Prasar Vibhag of the VHP. “The tribals told us they had been misled into Christianity. They were assured of some miracles which never happened,” says Achyutananda Kar, the VHP in-charge of conversion activities.

Early this year, the VHP “reconverted” around 90 Dalit Christian families in Jeypore town of Koraput district at a similar function. Kar claims the Dalits made notarised affidavits before becoming Hindu. Last year, around 80 tribal Christian families had been converted to Hinduism in Sundargarh district.

There have been no claimed “reconversion” of Muslims though in the state.

Kar says the number of VHP men involved in such “reconversions” in Orissa is very small. “There is no whole-timer.”

***

The focus of the DJSS’s Punjab campaign is different, as here “reconversions” are targeted at getting Christians back into not just Hindu but also the Sikh fold. It claims to have enabled some 8,000 “reconversions” in the past three years alone. The orthodox Sikhs as well as BJP ally Akali Dal are worried as the RSS views Sikhs as part of the larger Hindu culture.

For the first time, the RSS is holding Dharma Jagran Yatras in the border districts of Punjab, to be organised over the next one month, where it will showcase its “returnees” as well as conduct Ghar Wapsi ceremonies. Granthis of local gurdwaras have been contacted to assist in the ceremonies.

Says Dinesh who heads the Ghar Wapas Pariyojana in Punjab, “It is only last year that we took up the Punjab project in earnest.”
Hoshiarpur district has seen the maximum Ghar Wapsis followed by Amritsar and Batala.

***

In Kerala, where the RSS and the Church have been long locked in a conflict, the VHP has launched a helpline for those who want to get “reconverted” to Hinduism. Coordinator Aneesh Balakrishnan says they have received 100-odd calls, mainly from SC and ST members who had got “converted to Christianity”.

While Balakrishnan admits he is unsure of how many would turn up, Ghar Wapsi programmes are planned for all 14 districts of the state on December 25.

***

There are problems though. Noting that one of the crucial aspects of the DJSS campaign is persuading Hindus to accept the “reconverted” Muslims and Christians, a pracharak says, “A majority of those converted to Christianity are Dalits and tribals and they face no problem being accepted within their communities on ‘reconversion’. But if a Muslim is ‘reconverted’, it is a tough task to convince Hindus to accept them. They face difficulties in getting their children married.”

Caste remains a reality too, with VHP central secretary Vyankatesh Abdeo saying recently that those seeking to “reconvert” should be given the option of choosing the caste they want.

In fact, despite propagating that Hindavah Sodarah Sarve (all Hindus are real brothers), the RSS leadership itself is dominated by upper-caste Hindus with not many examples of inter-caste marriages in their families.

Says RSS prachar pramukh Manmohan Vaidya, “Many people in the country want to come back to their origins. The Hindu Samaaj must welcome them.”

***

When Bhagwat sought an anti-conversion Bill on Saturday, he was reiterating what the RSS has been demanding for decades. The first time they raised it was in 1979, in response to a private member’s Bill. Before the present row, the Sangh had demanded such a Bill after Laxmanananda’s murder.

The RSS argument is that the Bill would check “large-scale conversions” that are allegedly currently on from the Hindu side, and hence end need for its own Ghar Wapsi programme.

By openly backing the conversion campaign on Saturday, Bhagwat also underlined what has been clear in the Sangh ranks. That there is no cause to hurry, or to stop. Says a pracharak working with the DJSS, “It is time-taking. ‘Reconversion’ is not possible overnight.”

In fact, sources say, the very day the issue was first raised in Parliament following the Agra and Aligarh row, a call had gone out to various Union ministers, BJP leaders and their colleagues from the Sangh. The RSS clearly told them to be aggressive on the issue — “There is no need to be defensive.”

With inputs from Lalmani Verma, Aditi Raja, Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Debabrata Mohanty, Chander Suta Dogra and Shaju Philip

Sunday, December 21, 2014

My Jewish Feminist Problem - By Phyllis Chesler

Thursday, December 18, 2014

Where do Indian Muslims come from: RSS' Ghar Wapsi rests on colonial history of conversion - by Ajaz Ashraf

http://www.firstpost.com/india/where-do-indian-muslims-come-from-rss-ghar-wapsi-rests-on-colonial-history-of-conversion-1851881.html

Where do Indian Muslims come from: RSS' Ghar Wapsi rests on colonial history of conversion

by Ajaz Ashraf  Dec 16, 2014 15:56 IST


The Sangh Parivar’s fervour for reconverting Muslims and Christians to Hinduism, euphemistically described as Ghar Wapsi programme, is linked to its narrow, even flawed, reading of history.

It is ironical that the Sangh should be closer to colonial interpretation of India’s past than even the ‘sicularists’ whom they love to deride.

In embracing this colonial interpretation, the Sangh has been inspired to attempt the impossible – convince or compel people to accept the myth that the past of Hinduism was not only glorious but also perfect and incomparable.

Critics of the Sangh’s imagining of the idyllic past point to the presence of Muslims and Christians in large numbers to ask: If the past was perfect, then why did a large segment of India’s population leave Hinduism to embrace Islam or Christianity?

The Sangh theory of conversion

It’s a question that irritates the Sangh no end. In its imagining, a people bestowed with such knowledge as to write the Vedas and the Upanishads, and also master the science of plastic surgery and nuclear tests, could not but have organised their society harmoniously. For it, therefore, the four-fold varna system was merely a division of labour to maximize the efficiency of the social system. It did not segregate people, nor was it discriminatory and exploitative.

But to impart credibility to this narrative the Sangh has to explain the conversion of Muslims and Christians as their presence in today’s India is an indelible blot on the picture of it having a perfect past. Thus they cite two reasons for their proselytization, reasons which do not indict Hindu society for evolving the exploitative caste system.

 AFP
AFP

One, the Muslim rulers of India, zealots all but for a few exceptions, offered the Hindu subjects the stark choice between being slaughtered and converting to Islam. In such circumstances, who wouldn’t opt for conversion? Two, the Hindu were lured into converting to Islam, and later to Christianity, through the offer of state patronage – such as land grants or jobs or measures which could facilitate trade or craft they were engaged in. In other words, both fear and allurement were deployed as state policies to wean away the Hindus from their religion.

Both these theories suffer from palpable weaknesses. If Muslim rulers were converting people ‘by the sword’, and had no qualms about shedding blood to fulfil their religious duties, why did they not covert all, particularly in those areas over which they enjoyed complete supremacy for centuries? Why did they not root out Hinduism altogether or substantially? Again, the theory of patronage may explain the conversion of some notable Hindu rajas and their followers, but can’t account for mass conversion.

The colonial view of conversion

These two theories – proselytizing by force and allurement – as well as the one which claims conversion was a consequence of certain social groups seeking liberation from the caste system were propounded during British rule. Colonial historians were then analysing the past to explain, as also justify, the advent of the British in India, besides harping on the inevitability of animosities between two religious communities – Hindus and Muslims.
Thus, from the perspective of these writers, Hindu society was weak – and therefore susceptible to conquest – because it had been organised to suit the interests of Brahmins and other upper castes. Such a social system created an oppressive social context from which lower castes sought to escape as soon as Muslims became India’s paramount power. This was because, it was argued, Islam emphasised on the equality of all.

Then again, since Muslims enjoyed power and unlike the new foreign rulers, the British, were barbaric, they used the sword to win new converts to their faith, believing proselytization was a noble act which endeared them to Allah. This theory had the inherent advantages of portraying British rule as benevolent as well as enabling it to harvest the past for the seeds of discord that could be sowed between Hindus and Muslims.

As Indians began to transform themselves into a nation and, as elsewhere, sought to tailor the past for this project, the theories about conversion had their distinct appeal for different sections. For the Hindu Right, or the Sangh, conversion by force and allurement skirted around the problems of the caste system and didn’t challenge its imagining of the idyllic past. It also neatly dovetailed with the Sangh’s idea, articulated so often in the last few months, that every Muslim or Christian was in the past a Hindu and should therefore call himself or herself as one.

So who became a Muslim?

The tenability of any theory about the past is always difficult to prove. This is also true of the three theories of conversion, which Richard M Eaton, professor at the University of Arizona, tears apart. In his essay, Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India, he raises a seminal question: Why is it that there is an “inverse relationship between the degree of Muslim political penetration and the degree of conversion to Islam?”

This question Eaton answers thus: “If conversion to Islam had ever been a function of military or political force (however these might have been expressed) one would expect that those areas of heaviest conversion would correspond to those areas of South Asia exposed most intensely and over the longest period to rule by Muslim dynasties.”

Citing data, he says the opposite seems to have been the case: “Those regions of the most dramatic conversion of the population, such as Eastern Bengal or Western Punjab, lay on the fringes of Indo-Muslim rule, whereas the heartland of that rule, the upper Gangetic Plain, saw a much lower incidence of conversion.”

Obviously, Eaton is talking of undivided, or pre-1947, India. Then the most densely populated Muslim areas were Eastern Bengal, Western Punjab, the Northwest Frontier, and Baluchistan. The bulk of the Muslim population in the Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan was not converted communities, but descendants of the immigrants from Iran. This means East Bengal and West Punjab witnessed the highest incidence of conversion, quite surprising as these two were the farthest from the epicenter of Muslim rule – the Agra-Delhi belt.

The other interesting aspect of this phenomenon, according to Eaton, is that the communities which converted to Islam in these two regions were not fully integrated into the Hindu social system at the time of their contact with Islam. In East Bengal, such social groups he identified were Rajbansi, Pod, Chandal, Koch, etc. In Punjab, innumerable Jat clans converted.

The Sangh should note what Eaton says, “Since the greatest incidence of Muslim conversions occurred among groups that were not fully Hindu in the first place, for the vast majority of South Asian Muslims the question of ‘liberation’ from the ‘oppressive’ Hindu social order was simply not an issue.” It may just be that the Sangh’s imagining of the past has been motivated by a fact it thinks is embarrassing and which it wants to camouflage, but which most likely wasn’t a significant factor in conversion.

So why did these communities in East Bengal and West Punjab convert? As Muslim rule pushed from the Centre, or the Delhi-Agra belt, to the periphery, it sought to settle its frontiers, claim arable land and establish an agriculture infrastructure to extract surplus revenue from the land. These communities were largely pastrol or forest-dwellers and their integration into the Hindu social system was nominal. They were not converted to Islam in the sense we understand today.

Moreover, their conversion was over centuries of socialization, brought about through Sufi saints, who were their immediate figures of veneration. For many of them, for centuries, Allah may have just an addition to the pantheon of deities endowed with supernatural powers.

Thus, for instance, in Bengal, the Ganges silted and shifted course in the 16th century, making huge tracts of land available for cultivation. This was also the period in which the Mughals had established their rule over Bengal. With the colonizing power moved Muslims and Sufis from North India. Those who were pastoral became peasants and were subsequently incorporated into the socio-economic structure. Since they weren’t integrated into Hinduism, as peasants in Uttar Pradesh were, and as Islam was the ideology of the state, their conversion to the new faith, from which they stood to gain, gradually happened, spread over centuries.

Much the same happened in west Punjab, where Jats migrated from Sindh. It appears they may have become agriculturists relatively quicker than their self-identity of being Muslim was formed and institutionalized. As Eaton notes, “In the early fifteenth century, 10 percent of recorded Sial (a Jat clan) males had Muslim names; for the mid-seventeenth century, 56 percent; for the mid-eighteenth century, 75 percent, and for the early nineteenth century, 100 percent. This is, I think, a most revealing index of the gradual process of group identity formation.”

After laying out the broad patterns of conversion centuries ago, and pointing to the ecological, political, and cultural-religious dimensions of the phenomenon, Eaton declares, “To the extent that this was the case, Islam, in India at least, may properly be termed more a religion of the plough than a religion of the sword, as formerly conceived. (Italics mine)”

But tell this to the Sangh activist and all that you will harvest are abuses. Indeed, there is no one history, but multiple histories; no one imagining of the past, but a bewildering multiplicity. The Sangh’s choice of a vision of the past is as self-serving, blinkered and unidimensional as that of the British.

 

Politics of conversion - By Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr - DNA


The RSS, with its me-too Christian evangelical spirit, has no understanding of the Hindus. The Hindus are easygoing, modern, hedonistic, with an indolent sense of sensuous spirituality. They take pride in liberal Indian, but not Hindu, nationalism. The RSS’s antagonistic acts of conversion will cause revulsion among a majority of Hindus and the BJP will lose its Hindu constituency. 


http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-politics-of-conversion-2044864

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Politics of conversion
Thursday, 18 December 2014 - 5:00am IST Updated: Wednesday, 17 December 2014 - 8:25pm IST | Place: Mumbai | Agency: dna








Right-wing Hindu organisations unsuccessfully imitate Christian missionaries

One of the curious things about the debate on the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) affiliates going aggressive on converting Muslims and Christians to Hinduism is the outrage of the liberals. “How can (Prime Minister Narendra) Modi remain silent when the RSS is going on the rampage on conversions?” is their pointed question. They say that Modi did not utter a word of Hindutva during the election campaign and, therefore, neither he nor the RSS can consider the electoral victory as an endorsement of Hindutva. Therefore, the RSS’ predatory acts of conversion are untenable. They feel that Modi should control the RSS-wallahs.

There are loopholes in the argument of the liberals, though their rage has a charmingly righteous ring to it. The first loophole: The RSS and the BJP cannot be expected to play by liberal rules. The RSS’ hostility towards the religious minorities is barely concealed. The BJP maintains an ambivalent attitude towards them. They are right-wing and they will do right-wing politics — that is majoritarian politics. The second loophole: the liberals rationalise conversions of the Hindu lower castes to either Christianity or Islam saying that the Hindu caste order is unjust, and the Hindu lower castes and classes have every right to throw off the yoke of caste and escape into other religions. Despite the good intent, the argument turns out to be inconsistent because if choosing a faith is an individual decision, then the individual can turn to any religion. For example, if a Hindu can convert to Christianity or Islam, so can a Muslim or a Christian to Hinduism. The liberals are wary on this point.

The problem is that conversion is never an individual choice in India as it is in contemporary Europe and America, where individuals freely convert to other religions, especially to Islam and sometimes to Buddhism. In India, conversion is a political act. Ambedkar and his Mahars converting to Buddhism was a political gesture. But there is a bit of complicated history to conversion in modern India, especially from 19th century on. The Christian missionary activity in north India, in contrast to what had happened in Kerala in the first century of the Common Era (CE), had intensified during the British rule though the government of the day kept a meticulous distance from the evangelical activities of the various churches.

The Hindu response to Christian missionary activity was curious. Sections of the modern Hindu middle classes saw Christianity as part of modern Western civilisation which was a misperception. Modern West had gone through various revolts, the Protestant revolt against the Roman Catholic Church, and the revolt of Age of Reason against both. They did not notice this. Many of the modern Hindus wanted to reform the superstitious Hinduism of their day on Protestant Christian lines. Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Dayananda Saraswati followed the Christian model in different ways. Roy’s Brahmo Samaj was a Protestant congregation without idols. Saraswati too rejected idol worship and he wanted to go back to the Vedas, cleansed of their unscientific liturgical portions. He had also introduced what he called the Shuddhi Movement, which is conversion of Muslims, Sikhs and Christians to Hinduism.

Brahmo Samaj turned out to be tepidly rationalist and withered away in due course. Arya Samaj was dismissed by the orthodox Hindu establishment of the day, and it remains on the fringes of Hindu society till this day. Saraswati had better success in Punjab, where he antagonised the Sikhs. Khushwant Singh in the second volume of his A History of the Sikhs argued that the Singh Sabhas were a response to the Arya Samaj. The RSS has inherited the Arya Samaj legacy in Punjab and the friction with the Sikhs, especially the Akali elements of the community, persists. 

Swami Vivekananda’s Ramakrishna Mission is again an imitation of the Christian missionary model. Vivekananda realised that what made the Christian missionaries acceptable was their social work, setting up of hospitals and schools and their solicitude towards the poor and the marginalised. Vivekananda’s ‘Christian socialist’ vision never took root in the work of the Ramakrishna Mission.
The RSS has taken to the Christian missionary mode in the 1970s and 1980s. The evangelical activity that the RSS had undertaken in scheduled tribes areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Gujarat is again an attempt to follow in the footsteps of the missionaries. But it does not seem to have succeeded in its act of imitation because it lacks the Christians' religiosity and compassion. The Christian missionaries were once part of the Western colonial and imperialist quest, but now only the religious quest — of spreading the message and converting people — remains. The global Christian missionaries are seasoned evangelists and the RSS cannot counter their sophisticated approach. The RSS cannot hope to go out of India and convert people of other countries and faiths to Hinduism the way the Christian evangelists did.

The RSS, therefore, turns conversions into a political act, having failed to inspire on the social and religious fronts. The RSS through the conversion campaign wants to ensure national unity through Hinduism. It follows the old Protestant assumption, especially in England of the 17th century, where Roman Catholics were suspected to have extra-territorial allegiance. Religion as a means of national unity is the credo of right-wing political parties in Europe, and the RSS believes in it as well.

Meanwhile, Muslims in India after the First World War falsely believed that the Ottoman Empire was a symbol of global Muslim unity. They had failed to contend with the nationalist aspirations of the various Arab countries. Modern Muslims entertained the romantic notion of pan-Islam, which remained a figment of the imagination of poets like Iqbal. Modern Arabs too dreamed of pan-Arabism and they found out the hard way that it was unrealistic.

The RSS’s dreams of national unity based on Hinduism will meet the same fate as that of the pan-Islamists and the pan-Arabists. The RSS believes, and the BJP subscribes to the illusion, that the Turkish invasions of 11th and 12th centuries were due to disunity among the Hindus, and they want to unite Hindus now to preserve India. The RSS, with its me-too Christian evangelical spirit, has no understanding of the Hindus. The Hindus are easygoing, modern, hedonistic, with an indolent sense of sensuous spirituality. They take pride in liberal Indian, but not Hindu, nationalism. The RSS’s antagonistic acts of conversion will cause revulsion among a majority of Hindus and the BJP will lose its Hindu constituency. 

The author is editorial consultant with dna

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